DRAFT REPORT Copyright: Global Mountain Action©2012 Electronic copies available from GMA. Comments and suggestions welcome.
Contents
OVERVIEW 2011
ON THE GROUND ACTIVITIES
1. DIAGNOSIS OF THREE ANDEAN COMMUNITIES AS INDICATORS OF ISSUES OF MOUNTAIN COMMUNITIES IN PERU.
2. MIGRATION IN MOUNTAINS: CREATING LINKAGES TO MIGRANT GROUPS TO THE PERUVIAN LOW-LANDS, TO UNDERSTAND BETTER THE REALITIES AND EFFORTS TO IMPROVE THEIR WELLBEING
3. FUNGI & MUSHROOMS: INDICATORS OF HUMAN AND ENVIRONMENTAL WELLBEING IN MOUNTAINS, AND BEACONS OF OPPORTUNITY INPERU
Introduction
Preparation
Collecting and Connecting in the Andes Trip report summary February March
Developing a Connections with an Andean Community – Hunacho Lima, Puno
Results of studies:
Objective 1: DIVERSITY OF MUSHROOMS IN THE SOUTHERN PERUVIAN ANDES
Objective 2. Part I. THE IMPORTANCE OF MUSHROOMS IN ANCIENT PERU
Objective 2. Part II. DISAPPEARANCE OF MUSHROOMS IN POST CONQUEST PERU
Objective 2. Part III. CURRENT USE AND KNOWLEDGE OF MUSHROOMS
Objective 3. THE POTENTIAL OF MUSHROOMS TO IMPROVE WELLBEING IN THE PERUVIAN HIGHLANDS AND PRELIMINARY RESULTS OF AN INITIAL MARKET STUDY OF KNOWLEDGE , INTEREST AND DEMAND FOR MUSHROOMS
REFLECTIONS ON THE MOUNTAIN DIALOGUE
RIO+20 AND A GREEN ECONOMY FOR MOUNTAINS
SHORT REPORTS OF MEMBER ACTIVITIES
Andean Herbs:
Gourmet Mountain Foods
Organic-farming and Ecosystem services in Glarnerland
Interdisciplinary Think-tank on Development
Climate change and Water in African mountains
The history and ecology of Fungi and Mushrooms the Central Andes, and GMA development
INSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT
FUTURE
REFERENCES
Overview 2011
Dear friends of living mountains, this is the first Annual report of Global Mountain Action. It being the first Annual report, suggests it may be worthwhile to spend a little of your time introducing the work of the organization. GMA was established in 2009 as an association for various reasons, the main one lack of attention of other mountain organizations particularly on issues surrounding food, and our personal desire to contribute new visions of 'development' for mountains and their inhabitants focused on wellbeing of people and their environment, rather than market indicators. We felt each one of us had a different slant to offer, particularly since we were all involved in food and social issues in mountains, and wanted something that could span disciplines, not only the sciences. We also wanted to be able to work both in research and on the ground actions on at all levels with strong foundations in communities. In short, we were looking for creative space to be able to work without institutional restrictions, the endless reorganizations, and management styles and cultures that drain the positive energy and creativity within and restrict, rather than enable solutions to complex socio ecological issues. We believe much can be achieved working on the issues one believes, in and for the places one loves, together with kindred souls one likes and respects. We have worked to establish credibility of GMA in different ways, each to their capacity and time. All that you read in this report was achieved with our own resources, which now, after two and a half years of solid work, we are finally able to present. The most notable achievement institutionally was setting up the organizational structure and operational mechanisms of the organization, and launching activities highly relevant to mountains thus far neglected by most other groups. Responsibilities were allotted and the offices of president and treasurer were agreed on. Financial mechanisms were put in place, including institutionalizing membership support. This step will enable additional activities as a group, independent of external funding. We also connected with respected institutions in Peru and Switzerland; some of whom we already have teamed up with. For instance, in a project on the diversity and ecology of mushrooms in the Andes we are working with Universidad Peruano Cayetano Heredia (UPCH) and for a study on the Pre-Columbian use of mushrooms in Peru we were given access to the collection of the Museo Larco in Lima.
In the field in Peru we acquired substantial information on the state of mountain communities, migration groups, and the importance of fungi historically and currently in the diet, health and environmental functionality in the central Andes. In doing so we made ties with the communities of Huancho Lima, around lake Titicaca, connections to Manta in Huancavelica and to various migration groups between Cañete and Ica. Individual members attended conferences on archaeology, agriculture and climate change in Peru and the Luzern Conference in preparation for Rio+20 to mention a few. GMA was requested by the SDC to provide information on itself and its activities as an organization working on mountains for the Luzern preparatory conference as part of an effort to document mountain related efforts for Rio+20. We also held helpful meetings with the University of Bern’s Center for Development and Environment (CDE) and to the Mountain Research Initiative (MRI) with whom we would like to team up in the future due to their institutional and personal connections and credibility. Now that we have some actions under our belt, we have also begun to strengthen our communication with donor organizations like the SDC to whom, despite radical reorientation, we may still be of interest as an effective instrument compatible with their mission for mountain development.
Socially some of us spent time together this year in the mountains of Glarus, hiking, sculpting, dining, discussing and participating a midnight ritual event organized by Marco Baltensweiler,whilst also celebrating his big 50th birthday. A working group and annual meeting this year was held in Zurich at the home of our treasurer, Dr. Stefan Flückiger. These have become regular GMA events over the last two and a half years that have taken us on mountain hikes together in the Tessin, and Glarus, Switzerland and Marcahuazi, Peru. Annual meetings over the years were held in the homes of Dr. Bruno Stöckli in Mosogno in 2009, and Dr. Marco Baltensweiler in Glarus in 2010. Unfortunately, we have not yet managed to physically get all members together in one place, but we are working on it. All in all we hope this report will reflect the efforts we have thus far given with member funds to promote key issues of mountains. We hope you will enjoy the report.
On the Ground Activities
Diagnosis of Three Andean Communities as indicators of issues of mountain communities in Peru.
By Peter Trutmann & Amarilda Luque
We report on a diagnostic survey conducted in 2009 of three Andean communities in Huancavelica, one of the regions most affected during Colonial rule and the recent civil war, that caused mass migration. To date the towns of Acobambilla, Huayllarra and Manta are excluded from most benefits modern technology access to fair markets as well as appropriate higher value products, due to isolation and distance from centers of political power. National policies, especially in agriculture have not enabled these otherwise fertile agricultural regions with much diversity and millennia worth of knowledge to capitalize on their resources for the wellbeing of their communities. We established personal connections with the community of Manta. We see this village as a partner community for GMA should we be able to secure funds for activities in this region. The nine page GMA report concludes that the GMA can only offer these communities support in the following areas:
1. Research on the effect of present policies on mountain agriculture and means of improving the policy base to favor mountain products and wellbeing.
2. Support in research and development of markets and production for herbs and mushrooms in Huancavelica and similar highland regions.
3. Working to develop a local cuisine sensitive to the tourist pellet using local products and on that reduces saturated oil use for local diets.
4. Developing a clean mountain ‘green’ label for products.
5. Support education in the above themes of youth in schools.
The full report is available from GMA
By Peter Trutmann & Amarilda Luque
We report on a diagnostic survey conducted in 2009 of three Andean communities in Huancavelica, one of the regions most affected during Colonial rule and the recent civil war, that caused mass migration. To date the towns of Acobambilla, Huayllarra and Manta are excluded from most benefits modern technology access to fair markets as well as appropriate higher value products, due to isolation and distance from centers of political power. National policies, especially in agriculture have not enabled these otherwise fertile agricultural regions with much diversity and millennia worth of knowledge to capitalize on their resources for the wellbeing of their communities. We established personal connections with the community of Manta. We see this village as a partner community for GMA should we be able to secure funds for activities in this region. The nine page GMA report concludes that the GMA can only offer these communities support in the following areas:
1. Research on the effect of present policies on mountain agriculture and means of improving the policy base to favor mountain products and wellbeing.
2. Support in research and development of markets and production for herbs and mushrooms in Huancavelica and similar highland regions.
3. Working to develop a local cuisine sensitive to the tourist pellet using local products and on that reduces saturated oil use for local diets.
4. Developing a clean mountain ‘green’ label for products.
5. Support education in the above themes of youth in schools.
The full report is available from GMA
Over grazing and erosion of the resource base caused by skewed market prices that favor overstocking and make traditional crop production unattractive. Peru, a rich agricultural land, remains a net food importer due to questionable Agricultural policies.
"They used my name!!" Vulnerability of migrants near Paracas
Migration in Mountains: Creating Linkages to migrant groups to the Peruvian low-lands, to understand better the realities and efforts to improve their wellbeing
By Peter Trutmann & Amarilda Luque
Migration is a major theme affecting lives of mountain people in Central and South America, Asia and Africa. There is a history of migration from mountains from all continents. Some like the European migrations in recent history started in the 18th and 19th centuries. Migration is an option when poverty, hardship, violence, or lack of opportunity in the mountains drives people from their communities and families to seek a new life in places foreign for themselves and children. The phenomenon has rural urban and highland lowland linkages, which is where some GMA members have expertise brought with them from the now closed ‘Global Mountain Program’ of the CGIAR. The causes of poverty and lack of opportunity in mountain regions can often be found in the history of each mountain region and are difficult to change without changing power relationships ((Webster A. 1990)). (Webster A. 1990)
Since the basis and mindset of exclusion cannot be undone by research or actions of a small NGO alone the GMA’s aim is to provide options for information based decision-making at the macro-level and support empowerment processes and linkages of migrants themselves by better understanding migration dynamics, linkages at both a micro-level (i.e. links between migrants and their communities), an macro-level (i.e. the larger issues of migration). The aim is to strengthen approaches that optimize rural-urban linkages and highland–lowland linkages on both a micro and macro level. For us, the migration theme builds on the Rural–Urban linkage work of members while working for the Global Mountain Program of the CGIAR. Through it we build on experience in developing a Rural Urban Linkage Action Framework for Mountains ((Zeleke G. and Trutmann P. 2006), (Zeleke G. Trutmann P. and Denekew A. 2007 )), as well as studies on rural mountain migration and conditions of migrants ((Zeleke G. Asfaw W. Tolosa D. Alemu B. and Trutmann P. 2008), (Zeleke G. Alemu D. Bewuket W. Assefa Y. and Trutmann P. 2008.),(Asfaw W. Tolossa D. and Zeleke G. 2010; Kassie G. T. Asfaw W. Zeleke G. and Scott D. 2009)).
Here we summarize initial activities in 2010 to link with migration groups in southern Peru. The initial objectives were to develop a trust with individuals of selected groups and to understand the key issues that affect their ability to improve their own wellbeing by following the efforts. We used as example some United Nations (UN) ‘Small Grants Program’ grantees, who were promoted as associations in efforts to improve nutrition and market linkages after the devastating earthquake of 2007. GMA did this independently, by following five such migrant groups from the Ayacucho, Huancavelica and Cusco dominated by indigenous Quechua speakers.
A summary of issues facing these mountain migrant associations
Mountain Migrant groups face the task of making a new life for themselves in the face of unequal reciprocity, or plain exploitation in a vastly different environment than that of mountains. It is evident that efforts to support improvements to the livelihoods of groups of mountain immigrants had varying levels of outcomes depending in part on the form of internally organization of the groups as associations, their varying levels of vulnerability and the quality of institutional support (government, enterprise and UN). Highest levels of failure occurred when the migrants did not have title to their land, were dependent for their existence on a local employer and on government officials. For example, an association near Paracas, was used by individuals with political power to obtain external funds. Lists of association members were made without knowledge, consent or participation. As the project evolved it was clear that the migrant community had no interest in the aim of the project, namely planning of Taro trees, since owners of the invasion property had no title to land. More complex still is that that many approx 60% who in the community were renting and not actual claimers of title. Funds appeared to have disappeared. Yet, some checks and balances must exist, since the government individual, who profited from funds meant for the association, did provide titles to land using his political position in the municipality in exchange for votes. Institutionally, in this case at the very least some of the objectivity of project selection process by the UN funding body should be questioned, there was no desire for the project's objectives by the population, and strictly, the public funds did not benefit the intended target group, but an individual. Yet clearly, the project is an example of the complexity of interactions of human social political economic relations that external projects have little hope of understanding though present means of project selection or forms of evaluation. There appeared to be a delicate and complex links of reciprocity between claimants of land, those living there and those with political power and interests. Within communities, there is more complexity and interplay of interests that is rarely understood by external organizations and funding agencies particularly at initial phases. Indeed, complexity takes time to understand, and trust takes time to build. Yet, time is a commodity highly restricted to funds, which are almost universally tight and often barely enough to obtain principal objectives, yet alone understand the deeper workings and restrictions of target groups.
An intermediary situation of vulnerability is demonstrated with the ‘Asociacion San Antonio la Venta’ in Ica. Here, an association of agricultural laborers depended for their livelihood on the local agricultural export enterprise and live on invaded public land to which they have been awarded title. They are dependent on water supplied to them by the ‘Fundo’. They risk to improve their lives, by taking out loans. One person, to rebuild his house was repaying 600 soles per month (200 USD) to a loan company at a salary of maximum 10 dollars a day. These payments can only be made when a number of members of the family pool funds, since the repayments are meant to be no more than a third of income. If there is illness or loss of employment, the consequences are great and can lead to confiscation of possessions and back to severe poverty. It also was clear the association was used by the municipality which undermined the project by not providing infrastructure as promised for water to the detriment of migrant groups who would have lost an opportunity to improve their lives had the employer not agreed to provide some additional water.
Successful associations, first and foremost, appeared not to have been managed by prefectures. In all cases there had been community participation in selection on themes relevant to the group, which in turn claimed ownership. The highly successful Livestock Association near Cañete, consisted of mountain migrants, with cattle, title and were not dependent for their livelihood on an employer. Rather, they dependent on trading by fattening livestock and selling to the lowland market. They were a well organized group. They collectively saw an opportunity to use the cattle dung as base for production of organic vegetables and had good technical support from an agronomist of the project. The second successful group, was an association of women who fled Ayacucho during the violence of the civil war. To improve organic production of vegetables and begin cuy production they rented land with access to water from others with title to land. Vulnerability was expressed in that the land was rented from the companion of the president of the association. If the relationship faltered the land would be lost. Clearly individuals also profited from the opportunity of external founds, since the treasurer ran off with funds. However, problems were overcome and the group advanced visibly over the year.
Preliminary conclusions and implications for GMA
Through this study we have been able to develop relationships with numerous associations of mountain migrant and non migrant groups, learned about issues confronting them and with some have developed personal trust. This should provide a good foundation for future work on highland- lowland migration, as well as Rural Urban Linkages, as they pertain to mountains and their people. One increasingly dominant theme is the question of migrant group connection to social nets and culture, since it is unlikely that government policies or attitude to indigenous groups will change dramatically over the next years. If these links can be strengthened and optimized then vulnerability can be reduced, identity maintained and mountain communities nourished even in the context of migration levels of 80% or more. For example, how can strong links be maintained for generations, for those who do not grow up in mountain communities, but whose roots, cultural identity, language and values come from their ancestors in mountains? In the future, stronger continues links may again bring opportunities to mountains through actions of migrants on a micro-level.
The full report is still being revised.
By Peter Trutmann & Amarilda Luque
Migration is a major theme affecting lives of mountain people in Central and South America, Asia and Africa. There is a history of migration from mountains from all continents. Some like the European migrations in recent history started in the 18th and 19th centuries. Migration is an option when poverty, hardship, violence, or lack of opportunity in the mountains drives people from their communities and families to seek a new life in places foreign for themselves and children. The phenomenon has rural urban and highland lowland linkages, which is where some GMA members have expertise brought with them from the now closed ‘Global Mountain Program’ of the CGIAR. The causes of poverty and lack of opportunity in mountain regions can often be found in the history of each mountain region and are difficult to change without changing power relationships ((Webster A. 1990)). (Webster A. 1990)
Since the basis and mindset of exclusion cannot be undone by research or actions of a small NGO alone the GMA’s aim is to provide options for information based decision-making at the macro-level and support empowerment processes and linkages of migrants themselves by better understanding migration dynamics, linkages at both a micro-level (i.e. links between migrants and their communities), an macro-level (i.e. the larger issues of migration). The aim is to strengthen approaches that optimize rural-urban linkages and highland–lowland linkages on both a micro and macro level. For us, the migration theme builds on the Rural–Urban linkage work of members while working for the Global Mountain Program of the CGIAR. Through it we build on experience in developing a Rural Urban Linkage Action Framework for Mountains ((Zeleke G. and Trutmann P. 2006), (Zeleke G. Trutmann P. and Denekew A. 2007 )), as well as studies on rural mountain migration and conditions of migrants ((Zeleke G. Asfaw W. Tolosa D. Alemu B. and Trutmann P. 2008), (Zeleke G. Alemu D. Bewuket W. Assefa Y. and Trutmann P. 2008.),(Asfaw W. Tolossa D. and Zeleke G. 2010; Kassie G. T. Asfaw W. Zeleke G. and Scott D. 2009)).
Here we summarize initial activities in 2010 to link with migration groups in southern Peru. The initial objectives were to develop a trust with individuals of selected groups and to understand the key issues that affect their ability to improve their own wellbeing by following the efforts. We used as example some United Nations (UN) ‘Small Grants Program’ grantees, who were promoted as associations in efforts to improve nutrition and market linkages after the devastating earthquake of 2007. GMA did this independently, by following five such migrant groups from the Ayacucho, Huancavelica and Cusco dominated by indigenous Quechua speakers.
A summary of issues facing these mountain migrant associations
Mountain Migrant groups face the task of making a new life for themselves in the face of unequal reciprocity, or plain exploitation in a vastly different environment than that of mountains. It is evident that efforts to support improvements to the livelihoods of groups of mountain immigrants had varying levels of outcomes depending in part on the form of internally organization of the groups as associations, their varying levels of vulnerability and the quality of institutional support (government, enterprise and UN). Highest levels of failure occurred when the migrants did not have title to their land, were dependent for their existence on a local employer and on government officials. For example, an association near Paracas, was used by individuals with political power to obtain external funds. Lists of association members were made without knowledge, consent or participation. As the project evolved it was clear that the migrant community had no interest in the aim of the project, namely planning of Taro trees, since owners of the invasion property had no title to land. More complex still is that that many approx 60% who in the community were renting and not actual claimers of title. Funds appeared to have disappeared. Yet, some checks and balances must exist, since the government individual, who profited from funds meant for the association, did provide titles to land using his political position in the municipality in exchange for votes. Institutionally, in this case at the very least some of the objectivity of project selection process by the UN funding body should be questioned, there was no desire for the project's objectives by the population, and strictly, the public funds did not benefit the intended target group, but an individual. Yet clearly, the project is an example of the complexity of interactions of human social political economic relations that external projects have little hope of understanding though present means of project selection or forms of evaluation. There appeared to be a delicate and complex links of reciprocity between claimants of land, those living there and those with political power and interests. Within communities, there is more complexity and interplay of interests that is rarely understood by external organizations and funding agencies particularly at initial phases. Indeed, complexity takes time to understand, and trust takes time to build. Yet, time is a commodity highly restricted to funds, which are almost universally tight and often barely enough to obtain principal objectives, yet alone understand the deeper workings and restrictions of target groups.
An intermediary situation of vulnerability is demonstrated with the ‘Asociacion San Antonio la Venta’ in Ica. Here, an association of agricultural laborers depended for their livelihood on the local agricultural export enterprise and live on invaded public land to which they have been awarded title. They are dependent on water supplied to them by the ‘Fundo’. They risk to improve their lives, by taking out loans. One person, to rebuild his house was repaying 600 soles per month (200 USD) to a loan company at a salary of maximum 10 dollars a day. These payments can only be made when a number of members of the family pool funds, since the repayments are meant to be no more than a third of income. If there is illness or loss of employment, the consequences are great and can lead to confiscation of possessions and back to severe poverty. It also was clear the association was used by the municipality which undermined the project by not providing infrastructure as promised for water to the detriment of migrant groups who would have lost an opportunity to improve their lives had the employer not agreed to provide some additional water.
Successful associations, first and foremost, appeared not to have been managed by prefectures. In all cases there had been community participation in selection on themes relevant to the group, which in turn claimed ownership. The highly successful Livestock Association near Cañete, consisted of mountain migrants, with cattle, title and were not dependent for their livelihood on an employer. Rather, they dependent on trading by fattening livestock and selling to the lowland market. They were a well organized group. They collectively saw an opportunity to use the cattle dung as base for production of organic vegetables and had good technical support from an agronomist of the project. The second successful group, was an association of women who fled Ayacucho during the violence of the civil war. To improve organic production of vegetables and begin cuy production they rented land with access to water from others with title to land. Vulnerability was expressed in that the land was rented from the companion of the president of the association. If the relationship faltered the land would be lost. Clearly individuals also profited from the opportunity of external founds, since the treasurer ran off with funds. However, problems were overcome and the group advanced visibly over the year.
Preliminary conclusions and implications for GMA
Through this study we have been able to develop relationships with numerous associations of mountain migrant and non migrant groups, learned about issues confronting them and with some have developed personal trust. This should provide a good foundation for future work on highland- lowland migration, as well as Rural Urban Linkages, as they pertain to mountains and their people. One increasingly dominant theme is the question of migrant group connection to social nets and culture, since it is unlikely that government policies or attitude to indigenous groups will change dramatically over the next years. If these links can be strengthened and optimized then vulnerability can be reduced, identity maintained and mountain communities nourished even in the context of migration levels of 80% or more. For example, how can strong links be maintained for generations, for those who do not grow up in mountain communities, but whose roots, cultural identity, language and values come from their ancestors in mountains? In the future, stronger continues links may again bring opportunities to mountains through actions of migrants on a micro-level.
The full report is still being revised.
Progress by the more independent Ayacucho migrant group around Cañete
Fungi & Mushrooms: indicators of human and environmental wellbeing in mountains, and beacons of opportunities: case of Peru
By Peter Trutmann & Amarilda Luque
Introduction
Following a general diagnosis of needs of the communities in Huancavelica in 2009 we proceeded to study the potential for engagement, since malnutrition, environmental degradation and a search for appropriate market products for this disadvantaged region was one of the concerns. In 2010 it was clear that edible mushrooms could be found at high altitudes of 3800-4000 masl. The question arose what role they might play in peoples lives, and their role in the Peruvian Andes to improve livelihoods and in ecosystem function. In checking the literature it became clear little was as yet known of the present, or historical, use of mushrooms their diversity or ecology.
Mushrooms are remarkable, not only for their crucial environmental role and place in human culture, but also in terms of health and nutrition. They have unique potential as an all in one food and medicine to improve wellbeing in mountains where malnutrition still is very prominent. Mushrooms are undervalued as food probably due to the general use of poor, antiquated, nutritional data that uses fresh rather than dry weight as basis. Using, a dry weight standard and Paul Stamets (2005) as source to illustrate the point, mushrooms stand out as being high in protein, complex carbohydrates, antioxidants, and low in fat and containing around 250 calories per 100g. They lack cholesterol, vitamin A and C, but are rich in vitamin Bs and if exposed to ultraviolet light (as found in the field) in the much desired vitamin D. They have high dietary fiber. They are also excellent sources of essential minerals. The protein content depends on mushroom species. Normal edible mushrooms range 9% for certain Agaricus species, such as A. braziliencis. to 33-35 for common supermarket button mushrooms (Agaricus bisporum), Shitake (Lantinula edodes) , Maitake (Grifola frondosa) and 41% for Reichi (Ganoderma lucidum). Evaluation of a number of Peruvian mushrooms suggests that Pleurocollybia ciberia and Calvatia cynthiformis contain 25 and 55% protein respectively (Pavlich pers com 2011). Indeed, this previously unknown information makes C.cynthiformis one of the most desirable edible mushrooms in terms of protein content. Using USDA criteria for foods edible mushrooms in general should be regarded as being between good to excellent foods depending on mushroom used (Stamets, 2005 p201).
Most importantly, and again often neglected by nutritionalists, mushrooms contain medicinal properties, which are consumed along with the fungus. Each fungal species produces different set of medicinal compounds. They contain, compounds that are antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-tumors, anti viral, compounds helping blood pressure, moderating blood sugar, cholesterol reducing compounds, immune enhancers, stress reducers and others ({Hobbs C., 1986 #24} {Stamets P., 2005 #66}). These make mushrooms a food and medicine in one.
Globally from an ecological perspective the study of fungi is opening up new frontiers. New scientific information, of which, again, Paul Stamets is a beacon, elucidated the critical role fungi play in the functionality of terrestrial systems. The health of these systems form the basis for productivity and economic activity on which humanity depends. The fungi themselves also provide opportunities for food and medicine.
Looking beyond the Huacavelica study, it is evident that malnutrition in Peru is more generalized in Peru. Specifically, is most serious and extensive in the Andean highlands. Data, desegregated as much as possible for infantile nutrition by coastal lowlands, Andes and the Amazonian region, show that malnutrition predominates in the highlands of the Andes (see table 1 above). Indeed, using the table data with distribution maps (www.onu.org.pe/Upload/Documentos/pma_mapadesnutricion2007.pdf on page 25& 27) to help disaggregate data better between geographic regions, we see that 70.4% of total malnutrition is in the Highlands, versus 15.0% in the Lowlands and 14.6% in the Amazonian region. These data are reflected by the severity order of malnutrition in provinces in table 1. Twelve of the first 13 highest ranking provinces are those in the mountains. The exception being Amazonas, which ranks 8th. Child malnutrition is an indicator of overall malnutrition in populations, especially for women and children. Although we have not yet studied the data, we are assuming a similar tendency in neighboring countries such as Bolivia and Ecuador, Colombia and Chile. The levels of malnutrition in the Andes match those prioritized for International Aid in Africa and Asia.
It follows, that the study and promotion of mushroom producing fungi should have an impact on the nutrition and wellbeing of Andean communities. Unfortunately, little is known about mushrooms in Peru or the Andean region as a whole. Pioneer descriptive work in 1976 by Dr. Magdalena Pavlich at the Universidad Peruano Cayetano Heredia (UPCH), provides the most extensive list of mushrooms recorded in Peru. More recent work by Mata et al (2006) provides the first extensive list of Amazonian mushrooms; and Holgado et al (2007, 2010) of the Universidad National San Antonio Abad de Cusco (UNSAAC), contributed the first study of a fungal diversity in an Andean native forest near Cusco, and the first ethno-mycological report of efforts near Cusco to revaluate indigenous mushroom customs by hosting a ‘mushrooms fair’.
Actions associated with the understanding and use of fungi appeared to be the niche where the GMA with its expertise could contribute to mountain issues affecting wellbeing of people and ecology of mountain systems, since apart from the mentioned pioneer studies, little is known of the history of mushroom use, the diversity and ecology of fungi in the Peruvian Andes, or their potential to improve wellbeing of people and ecology of mountains. We began by an initial survey Marcahuazi in the highlands close to Lima in March 2010, started work on the historical documentation, followed by a more intense survey in Canta three hours from Lima in January 2011. We established connections with UPCH for laboratory and taxonomic support and the basis for collaborative work. In February-March we proceeded with a two week long collection trip around Lake Titcaca to Cusco and the sacred Valley. In Cusco we connected with Maria Encarnacion Holgado of the UNSAAC and established the basis for future collaborative work. During the survey we also established grass roots connections with one community around lake Titicaca, at Huancho Lima near Huancané. What follows is a progress report of activities thus far.
Overall, the objectives were as follows:
1. To obtain a clearer idea of the diversity of mushrooms in the Andes, by collecting in previously little-surveyed parts of the Andes, starting in the highland Cusco to Puno provinces.
2. To understand better the role of fungi and mushrooms in indigenous Peruvian society historically and currently.
3. To evaluate the ways that mushrooms can be used to improve the wellbeing of communities and ecosystem function in the Andes
By Peter Trutmann & Amarilda Luque
Introduction
Following a general diagnosis of needs of the communities in Huancavelica in 2009 we proceeded to study the potential for engagement, since malnutrition, environmental degradation and a search for appropriate market products for this disadvantaged region was one of the concerns. In 2010 it was clear that edible mushrooms could be found at high altitudes of 3800-4000 masl. The question arose what role they might play in peoples lives, and their role in the Peruvian Andes to improve livelihoods and in ecosystem function. In checking the literature it became clear little was as yet known of the present, or historical, use of mushrooms their diversity or ecology.
Mushrooms are remarkable, not only for their crucial environmental role and place in human culture, but also in terms of health and nutrition. They have unique potential as an all in one food and medicine to improve wellbeing in mountains where malnutrition still is very prominent. Mushrooms are undervalued as food probably due to the general use of poor, antiquated, nutritional data that uses fresh rather than dry weight as basis. Using, a dry weight standard and Paul Stamets (2005) as source to illustrate the point, mushrooms stand out as being high in protein, complex carbohydrates, antioxidants, and low in fat and containing around 250 calories per 100g. They lack cholesterol, vitamin A and C, but are rich in vitamin Bs and if exposed to ultraviolet light (as found in the field) in the much desired vitamin D. They have high dietary fiber. They are also excellent sources of essential minerals. The protein content depends on mushroom species. Normal edible mushrooms range 9% for certain Agaricus species, such as A. braziliencis. to 33-35 for common supermarket button mushrooms (Agaricus bisporum), Shitake (Lantinula edodes) , Maitake (Grifola frondosa) and 41% for Reichi (Ganoderma lucidum). Evaluation of a number of Peruvian mushrooms suggests that Pleurocollybia ciberia and Calvatia cynthiformis contain 25 and 55% protein respectively (Pavlich pers com 2011). Indeed, this previously unknown information makes C.cynthiformis one of the most desirable edible mushrooms in terms of protein content. Using USDA criteria for foods edible mushrooms in general should be regarded as being between good to excellent foods depending on mushroom used (Stamets, 2005 p201).
Most importantly, and again often neglected by nutritionalists, mushrooms contain medicinal properties, which are consumed along with the fungus. Each fungal species produces different set of medicinal compounds. They contain, compounds that are antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-tumors, anti viral, compounds helping blood pressure, moderating blood sugar, cholesterol reducing compounds, immune enhancers, stress reducers and others ({Hobbs C., 1986 #24} {Stamets P., 2005 #66}). These make mushrooms a food and medicine in one.
Globally from an ecological perspective the study of fungi is opening up new frontiers. New scientific information, of which, again, Paul Stamets is a beacon, elucidated the critical role fungi play in the functionality of terrestrial systems. The health of these systems form the basis for productivity and economic activity on which humanity depends. The fungi themselves also provide opportunities for food and medicine.
Looking beyond the Huacavelica study, it is evident that malnutrition in Peru is more generalized in Peru. Specifically, is most serious and extensive in the Andean highlands. Data, desegregated as much as possible for infantile nutrition by coastal lowlands, Andes and the Amazonian region, show that malnutrition predominates in the highlands of the Andes (see table 1 above). Indeed, using the table data with distribution maps (www.onu.org.pe/Upload/Documentos/pma_mapadesnutricion2007.pdf on page 25& 27) to help disaggregate data better between geographic regions, we see that 70.4% of total malnutrition is in the Highlands, versus 15.0% in the Lowlands and 14.6% in the Amazonian region. These data are reflected by the severity order of malnutrition in provinces in table 1. Twelve of the first 13 highest ranking provinces are those in the mountains. The exception being Amazonas, which ranks 8th. Child malnutrition is an indicator of overall malnutrition in populations, especially for women and children. Although we have not yet studied the data, we are assuming a similar tendency in neighboring countries such as Bolivia and Ecuador, Colombia and Chile. The levels of malnutrition in the Andes match those prioritized for International Aid in Africa and Asia.
It follows, that the study and promotion of mushroom producing fungi should have an impact on the nutrition and wellbeing of Andean communities. Unfortunately, little is known about mushrooms in Peru or the Andean region as a whole. Pioneer descriptive work in 1976 by Dr. Magdalena Pavlich at the Universidad Peruano Cayetano Heredia (UPCH), provides the most extensive list of mushrooms recorded in Peru. More recent work by Mata et al (2006) provides the first extensive list of Amazonian mushrooms; and Holgado et al (2007, 2010) of the Universidad National San Antonio Abad de Cusco (UNSAAC), contributed the first study of a fungal diversity in an Andean native forest near Cusco, and the first ethno-mycological report of efforts near Cusco to revaluate indigenous mushroom customs by hosting a ‘mushrooms fair’.
Actions associated with the understanding and use of fungi appeared to be the niche where the GMA with its expertise could contribute to mountain issues affecting wellbeing of people and ecology of mountain systems, since apart from the mentioned pioneer studies, little is known of the history of mushroom use, the diversity and ecology of fungi in the Peruvian Andes, or their potential to improve wellbeing of people and ecology of mountains. We began by an initial survey Marcahuazi in the highlands close to Lima in March 2010, started work on the historical documentation, followed by a more intense survey in Canta three hours from Lima in January 2011. We established connections with UPCH for laboratory and taxonomic support and the basis for collaborative work. In February-March we proceeded with a two week long collection trip around Lake Titcaca to Cusco and the sacred Valley. In Cusco we connected with Maria Encarnacion Holgado of the UNSAAC and established the basis for future collaborative work. During the survey we also established grass roots connections with one community around lake Titicaca, at Huancho Lima near Huancané. What follows is a progress report of activities thus far.
Overall, the objectives were as follows:
1. To obtain a clearer idea of the diversity of mushrooms in the Andes, by collecting in previously little-surveyed parts of the Andes, starting in the highland Cusco to Puno provinces.
2. To understand better the role of fungi and mushrooms in indigenous Peruvian society historically and currently.
3. To evaluate the ways that mushrooms can be used to improve the wellbeing of communities and ecosystem function in the Andes
Preparation
Pleurocollybia ciberia, a traditional food in the Central Andes
Collecting and Connecting in the Andes Trip report summary February March
In February–March we collected over 150 samples of mushrooms, as well as ethno-mycological information on uses and names of mushrooms, and evidence of their historical use. Most of the samples collected were from places never sampled before for scientific purposes. We have developed a data base of mushrooms and of names in Quechua, Aymara and Spanish. We found more evidence of historical importance of mushrooms up to the 16th and 17th centuries.
Currently, mushrooms are used by both Quechua and Aymara speakers. Both cultures have a rich vocabulary for mushrooms. Considering the extent of malnutrition in the Andes and degrees of ‘poverty’ there is much potential to incorporate readily available mushrooms as part of the diet as a protein rich (up to 55%) and healthy food source in to the local diet especially around Lake Titicaca. Mushrooms can offer both an increase in the culinary quality of life, as well as adapt and moderate the effects of climate change through their primary roles as decomposers that create and maintain soil health and fertility and as symbionts of plants. They are a key component overlooked in national international development support actions.
A 'Pago' a la madre tierra in Huancho-Lima.
Making Connections with an Andean Community – Huancho Lima, Puno
In the process of the collection trip we established close contact with the community of Huancho Lima close ot Huancané by Lake Titicaca where we stayed for four days in farm house with relations of Amarilda Luque. We also made contacts close to Juli where communities are eager for workshops on mushroom production with reforestation for commercial gain rather than for auto-consumption.
In the process of the collection trip we established close contact with the community of Huancho Lima close ot Huancané by Lake Titicaca where we stayed for four days in farm house with relations of Amarilda Luque. We also made contacts close to Juli where communities are eager for workshops on mushroom production with reforestation for commercial gain rather than for auto-consumption.
Results of studies
Major fungal groups found in the Central Peruvian Andes study.
Objective 1:
DIVERSITY OF MUSHROOMS IN THE SOUTHERN PERUVIAN ANDES
By Peter Trutmann
A paper is in preparation Dr. Magdalena Pavlich of UPCH, analyzing information of the above mentioned scientific survey of macro-fungi in the Central Andes of southern Peru between Cusco and lake Titicaca, one of the cradles of culture and agriculture in the Americas. The study, covered twenty collection sites over 600-800 km of territory. Over 150 collected samples are now housed in the UPCH herbarium. In addition, photographic and GPS records were taken. The mushrooms were from four Orders of Basidiomycetes and encompassed at least 16 Families. Altitude, presence or absence of trees and ecosystem stress was included in the analysis. There still exists substantial macro fungal diversity in the Central Andes. However, there is evidence of substantial reductions in diversity in certain groups of fungi due to deforestation and include mycorrhizal and wood decomposing groups often used for medicine and food (Fig.1). More in depth studies are required to better understand the ecology of fungal groups and their implications to ecosystem function and human wellbeing. Currently, our resources have enabled identifications for most mushrooms only to genus level.
Full report: P.Trutmann and M.R. Pavlich (2012) The diversity of Macro-Fungi from the Southern Peruvian Altiplano: its implications for human and environmental wellbeing and Economic Policy. Working Paper IV Global Mountain Action, Lima, Peru 15 pages (in preparation)
DIVERSITY OF MUSHROOMS IN THE SOUTHERN PERUVIAN ANDES
By Peter Trutmann
A paper is in preparation Dr. Magdalena Pavlich of UPCH, analyzing information of the above mentioned scientific survey of macro-fungi in the Central Andes of southern Peru between Cusco and lake Titicaca, one of the cradles of culture and agriculture in the Americas. The study, covered twenty collection sites over 600-800 km of territory. Over 150 collected samples are now housed in the UPCH herbarium. In addition, photographic and GPS records were taken. The mushrooms were from four Orders of Basidiomycetes and encompassed at least 16 Families. Altitude, presence or absence of trees and ecosystem stress was included in the analysis. There still exists substantial macro fungal diversity in the Central Andes. However, there is evidence of substantial reductions in diversity in certain groups of fungi due to deforestation and include mycorrhizal and wood decomposing groups often used for medicine and food (Fig.1). More in depth studies are required to better understand the ecology of fungal groups and their implications to ecosystem function and human wellbeing. Currently, our resources have enabled identifications for most mushrooms only to genus level.
Full report: P.Trutmann and M.R. Pavlich (2012) The diversity of Macro-Fungi from the Southern Peruvian Altiplano: its implications for human and environmental wellbeing and Economic Policy. Working Paper IV Global Mountain Action, Lima, Peru 15 pages (in preparation)
An as yet unidentified Tricholomataceae specimen from the Lake Titicaca region.
Objective 2: Part I.
The importance of mushrooms in Ancient Peru
By Peter Trutmann
A working paper was finished documenting results of the first systematic study ever bringing to light extensive use of mushrooms in pre Hispanic Peru. Mushroom images were found on ceramics, metal objects, stone and textiles from a range of important cultures from the north and south, as well as coastal and highland Peru. The Museum Larco in Lima was particularly helpful to us by opening up its collection for use. The objects range in age approximately from 3000-2200 BCE to the time of European conquest. Most abundant, vivid images of mushrooms were found from art of the Mochica culture, although in other cultures mushroom representations were also depicted clearly. Mushrooms, (realistic or abstract) were associated with what appear to be personalities of high authority, to shamans/curanderos as well as what appear to be sacrificial victims. Realistic images of mushrooms commonly found associated with shaman like figures were often of high quality and allowed identification of some mushrooms to at least genus level. Identified were Calvatia species, Mochella species, Amanita muscaria and Psilocybe species. Some mushrooms could not be identified, because current knowledge of mushrooms of Peru is limited, and we rely mainly on northern hemisphere mushroom identification publications that are of limited use in the Andes. The identified mushrooms have various characteristics: Morchella and Calvatia species have both culinary and medicinal properties. Others, like Amanita muscaria, and Psilocybe species have spiritual as well as medicinal properties rather than culinary uses. Since A.muscaria has not been confirmed growing in Peru and its traditional hosts are northern hemisphere trees it is hypothesized that the mushroom might have been a trade item with Meso America where A.muscaria has been shown to have been deeply engrained into the religious culture of the Mayas. Along with representation of realistic representation of mushrooms various level of abstraction was found in pre Columbian Peruvian art, including iconography. There are important implications of the findings on understanding of Peruvian cultures and the ancient mind and history. Various suggestions are made to advance archaeological research by integrating better mycological expertise to improve understanding of these remarkable ancient peoples.
Full publication P.trutmann (2011) The Forgotten Mushrooms of Ancient Peru. Working Paper III Global Mountain Action, Lima, Peru 35 pages
The importance of mushrooms in Ancient Peru
By Peter Trutmann
A working paper was finished documenting results of the first systematic study ever bringing to light extensive use of mushrooms in pre Hispanic Peru. Mushroom images were found on ceramics, metal objects, stone and textiles from a range of important cultures from the north and south, as well as coastal and highland Peru. The Museum Larco in Lima was particularly helpful to us by opening up its collection for use. The objects range in age approximately from 3000-2200 BCE to the time of European conquest. Most abundant, vivid images of mushrooms were found from art of the Mochica culture, although in other cultures mushroom representations were also depicted clearly. Mushrooms, (realistic or abstract) were associated with what appear to be personalities of high authority, to shamans/curanderos as well as what appear to be sacrificial victims. Realistic images of mushrooms commonly found associated with shaman like figures were often of high quality and allowed identification of some mushrooms to at least genus level. Identified were Calvatia species, Mochella species, Amanita muscaria and Psilocybe species. Some mushrooms could not be identified, because current knowledge of mushrooms of Peru is limited, and we rely mainly on northern hemisphere mushroom identification publications that are of limited use in the Andes. The identified mushrooms have various characteristics: Morchella and Calvatia species have both culinary and medicinal properties. Others, like Amanita muscaria, and Psilocybe species have spiritual as well as medicinal properties rather than culinary uses. Since A.muscaria has not been confirmed growing in Peru and its traditional hosts are northern hemisphere trees it is hypothesized that the mushroom might have been a trade item with Meso America where A.muscaria has been shown to have been deeply engrained into the religious culture of the Mayas. Along with representation of realistic representation of mushrooms various level of abstraction was found in pre Columbian Peruvian art, including iconography. There are important implications of the findings on understanding of Peruvian cultures and the ancient mind and history. Various suggestions are made to advance archaeological research by integrating better mycological expertise to improve understanding of these remarkable ancient peoples.
Full publication P.trutmann (2011) The Forgotten Mushrooms of Ancient Peru. Working Paper III Global Mountain Action, Lima, Peru 35 pages
An image from the Museo Larco showing ceramics with vivid mushroom representations as well as symbolism associated with mushrooms.
A red-cappe & stiped mushroom in a Church
Objective 2. Part II.
The disappearance of Mushrooms in Post Conquest Peru
By Peter Trutmann and Amarilda Luque
The status of mushrooms over the first centuries after the Conquest was followed using documents associated with Aymara and Quechua speaking cultures and Church decorations starting 1560. Initial comparisons were made to current knowledge from studies in ethno-mycology. Studies are ongoing, but thus far it was clear that certain names for mushrooms disappeared and others remained. To these belong the general category of mushroom (k’allampa). Specific names of edibles like the Cconcha and Concha (or Quncha) mushrooms are associated with Pleurocollybia ciberia and the tentatively classified Agaricus species 1 documented by (Holgado et al 2010). The ‘Puka’ mushrooms also remain in the local vocabulary and contain the large, edible Calvatia cynthiformis puffballs, high in protein, that have a long history associated with curanderos as medicinal mushrooms for treating blood flow and wounds. Other categories such Chhocpa mushrooms and Ppacco group seem to have disappeared. Certain groups of K’allampa also seem to have been forgotten, and possibly were never registered by priests in the first vocabularies.
Changes are also seen in early churches to more modern churches. In early churches ‘sacred’ mushrooms appear to have been represented as metamorphic images depending on perspective of either mushroom or Acathus leaves, on bottom of church walls or Corinthian columns. In addition mushroom symbolism is found on relieves of Mary as moon surrounded by ‘sacred pairs’: images deriving from sacred mushrooms. In later churches from the 18th century images of mushrooms were not found, suggesting a change in spirituality of indigenous people or perhaps stronger repression of traditional beliefs and symbols during the time of the Inquisition. The presence of mushrooms as well as snail sculptures on some early churches around lake Titicaca suggests either that there was tolerance for these, or that people placed them there after the 19th century when tolerance was greater. What ever the case, the important message may be that for indigenous people living in both Chucuito and Hatun Colla mushrooms retained what appeared to be religious meaning.
Full report: P.Trutmann and A.R. Luque (2012) The fate of mushrooms in Peruvian culture after European conquest and its consequences. Working Paper V Global Mountain Action, Lima, Peru 15 pages (In preparation)
The disappearance of Mushrooms in Post Conquest Peru
By Peter Trutmann and Amarilda Luque
The status of mushrooms over the first centuries after the Conquest was followed using documents associated with Aymara and Quechua speaking cultures and Church decorations starting 1560. Initial comparisons were made to current knowledge from studies in ethno-mycology. Studies are ongoing, but thus far it was clear that certain names for mushrooms disappeared and others remained. To these belong the general category of mushroom (k’allampa). Specific names of edibles like the Cconcha and Concha (or Quncha) mushrooms are associated with Pleurocollybia ciberia and the tentatively classified Agaricus species 1 documented by (Holgado et al 2010). The ‘Puka’ mushrooms also remain in the local vocabulary and contain the large, edible Calvatia cynthiformis puffballs, high in protein, that have a long history associated with curanderos as medicinal mushrooms for treating blood flow and wounds. Other categories such Chhocpa mushrooms and Ppacco group seem to have disappeared. Certain groups of K’allampa also seem to have been forgotten, and possibly were never registered by priests in the first vocabularies.
Changes are also seen in early churches to more modern churches. In early churches ‘sacred’ mushrooms appear to have been represented as metamorphic images depending on perspective of either mushroom or Acathus leaves, on bottom of church walls or Corinthian columns. In addition mushroom symbolism is found on relieves of Mary as moon surrounded by ‘sacred pairs’: images deriving from sacred mushrooms. In later churches from the 18th century images of mushrooms were not found, suggesting a change in spirituality of indigenous people or perhaps stronger repression of traditional beliefs and symbols during the time of the Inquisition. The presence of mushrooms as well as snail sculptures on some early churches around lake Titicaca suggests either that there was tolerance for these, or that people placed them there after the 19th century when tolerance was greater. What ever the case, the important message may be that for indigenous people living in both Chucuito and Hatun Colla mushrooms retained what appeared to be religious meaning.
Full report: P.Trutmann and A.R. Luque (2012) The fate of mushrooms in Peruvian culture after European conquest and its consequences. Working Paper V Global Mountain Action, Lima, Peru 15 pages (In preparation)
Woman at the Cusco market selling P. ciberia,
Objective 2. Part III.
Rediscovering current use and knowledge of mushrooms
By Peter Trutmann & Amarilda Luque
Building on the work of Fanquemont et al (1991) and Holgado et al (2010) we thus far developed a database of local and scientific names for mushrooms in Quechua and Aymara between Cusco and Puno around Lake Titicaca. Culinary mushrooms are well known by Quechua speakers. They know and consume Morels, Agaricus species, giant puffballs such as Calvatia cynthiformis, Pleurocollybia ciberiaas well as others such as jew’s ear and others yet not described scientifically. On the other hand the small sample of Aymara contacts we interviewed did not to consume mushrooms for food, but knew medicinal mushrooms. The 'kallampa rosado' and 'kallampa blanco' are examples of medicinal mushrooms. In addition, many terms not found in earlier dictionaries are used to describe mushrooms. More work needs to be done on elucidating terms for mushrooms to develop a better understanding of local knowledge and to develop a locally valid guide. At present there is in the literature from the past at best a confusion, at the worst simple inaccuracy, of local words associated and their association with known mushroom species.
Many people we surveyed were reluctant to admit they collect and eat mushrooms. Mushroom, like herbs, were very important in the lives and diets for Andean people in the past. Not only did they provide nutrient for food they substituted meat. This can still be sensed in linguistics. For example, 'Paco' in Quechua now is the word for Alpaca, but in the past appears also to have been used for certain large edible mushrooms or puffballs. There is a movement to revalue mushrooms in Quechua groups around Cusco. The community of Anta has started an annual fair called ‘Cconcha Rami’ where local mushrooms and their forms of preparation are promoted (Holgado et al 2010).
There is much potential to revalue and promote mushrooms in the diet of Andean communities, through better knowledge of mushrooms, with training, guides and promotion. There is also potential for home production of mushrooms and for planned inoculation programs with high prized mycorrhizal mushrooms as incentives by reforestation programs.
Full report In Preparation 11 pages (in preparation)
Rediscovering current use and knowledge of mushrooms
By Peter Trutmann & Amarilda Luque
Building on the work of Fanquemont et al (1991) and Holgado et al (2010) we thus far developed a database of local and scientific names for mushrooms in Quechua and Aymara between Cusco and Puno around Lake Titicaca. Culinary mushrooms are well known by Quechua speakers. They know and consume Morels, Agaricus species, giant puffballs such as Calvatia cynthiformis, Pleurocollybia ciberiaas well as others such as jew’s ear and others yet not described scientifically. On the other hand the small sample of Aymara contacts we interviewed did not to consume mushrooms for food, but knew medicinal mushrooms. The 'kallampa rosado' and 'kallampa blanco' are examples of medicinal mushrooms. In addition, many terms not found in earlier dictionaries are used to describe mushrooms. More work needs to be done on elucidating terms for mushrooms to develop a better understanding of local knowledge and to develop a locally valid guide. At present there is in the literature from the past at best a confusion, at the worst simple inaccuracy, of local words associated and their association with known mushroom species.
Many people we surveyed were reluctant to admit they collect and eat mushrooms. Mushroom, like herbs, were very important in the lives and diets for Andean people in the past. Not only did they provide nutrient for food they substituted meat. This can still be sensed in linguistics. For example, 'Paco' in Quechua now is the word for Alpaca, but in the past appears also to have been used for certain large edible mushrooms or puffballs. There is a movement to revalue mushrooms in Quechua groups around Cusco. The community of Anta has started an annual fair called ‘Cconcha Rami’ where local mushrooms and their forms of preparation are promoted (Holgado et al 2010).
There is much potential to revalue and promote mushrooms in the diet of Andean communities, through better knowledge of mushrooms, with training, guides and promotion. There is also potential for home production of mushrooms and for planned inoculation programs with high prized mycorrhizal mushrooms as incentives by reforestation programs.
Full report In Preparation 11 pages (in preparation)
Calvatia cythiformis, used like meat or cheese when young.
Discussing mushrooms around Lake Titicaca
Objective 3.
The potential of Mushrooms to improve wellbeing in the Peruvian highlands and preliminary results of an initial Market study of knowledge , interest and demand for mushrooms
By Amarilda Luque and Peter Trutmann
The disappearance of mushrooms from traditional diets and state of health may symptomatic of the more general causes of malnutrition seen in the Andes. Indeed there is much potential for promoting increased consumption of mushrooms with high protein and health factors in the diet of people in the Andes as a way of reducing malnutrition. It needs to be promoted through actions that enhance, better knowledge and use of wild mushrooms of which there is an abundance, cultivation of mushrooms in the homes or communities through simple methods and techniques, and through controlled farming including reforestation with mycorrhizal mushroom production fungi.
In addition, market opportunities can be used to the direct the benefit to the family and community associated with collecting, home cultivation and farming of mushrooms through reforestation. GMA began studies on promoting the marketing mushrooms in the Andes both for consumption and for new high value markets in lowland cities as well as for export. In 2011 we began with a preliminary survey to determine better peoples perception and use of mushrooms. Thus far we only have initial results from select groups in Lima, although more eleborate studies will be conducted in the highlands as well.
Using a sample of 62 subjects, 65% women and 35% men, we found amongst educated Limenians that 73% consume mushrooms in some form or other. However, most did not know much about them. Only 35% classified them as a group separate from plants and only 26% realized that many mushrooms had medicinal properties that had effect on health and prevention of illnesses.
That said, some 57% of informants knew about ‘button mushrooms’ Agaricus bisporus, or the ‘granulated slippery jack’, Suillus granulatus, from the market or supermarket and used mushrooms to improve the taste of food. No less than 52% consumed mushrooms at least every 15 days, 11% at least once a week and some 5% consume mushrooms at least every couple of months. Still, some 53% of informants had never heard about collection of mushrooms, and those that had heard had no idea where they were collected. Similarly, 52% had not heard about mushroom collection in Peru or that there existed tourism and local market opportunities with mushrooms. Consciousness of mushrooms has increased in cities through supermarkets and actions involving native groups in places like Cajamarca where the introduced mycorrhizal fungus S.granulatus is harvested under pine plantations.
Thus, there is much scope to increase the knowledge and appreciation of mushrooms, especially given the increased awareness of health factors in life by urban Peruvians and their insatiable enjoyment of food. It may be feasible to link efforts of promote mushrooms with the Peruvian Cuisine movement started by Gaston Acurio, chef ‘par excellence’ who has reintroduced many traditional foods back into the mainstream middle and upper class diets and is striving to reach wider audiences.
Varying local diets by introducing mushrooms was tested with one sample in Puno. In Huancho Lima, and Aymara speaking area where mushrooms are not consumed for food, a small experiment with a simple mushroom sauce made of fried onions and Agaricus campestris and Coprinus comatus was eagerly consumed by all local people present as garnish with traditional dishes. If indicative of a more general population around lake Titicaca then adding mushrooms to vary diets may have much potential. Thus there is potential to promote and extend mushrooms consumption. Possibilities need to be explored of home cultivation of nutritious and commercially viable species that could support wellbeing of communities, as well as training about identification and use of wild species. At the same time we need to be educated more about the extent of local knowledge. Together the culinary use and market for mushrooms can be better explored.
The applied use of high quality mushroom producing mycorrhizal fungi in reforestation programs also has high potential. Some projects already inoculate Pinus plantations with S.granulatus. In a preliminary survey in around Lake Titicaca we found interest in reforestation for production of mushrooms. Not only is there a lucrative market for dried and fresh mushrooms, it is but a small step to add such fungi to the local diets whilst reforesting the eroded almost treeless hills to revitalize the ecosystem functionality in these areas so they can better sustain local populations.
All in all we believe there is much potential for concrete actions that combine our research information about mushrooms with concrete on the ground actions to improve human and ecosystem wellbeing.
Full report in preparation
The potential of Mushrooms to improve wellbeing in the Peruvian highlands and preliminary results of an initial Market study of knowledge , interest and demand for mushrooms
By Amarilda Luque and Peter Trutmann
The disappearance of mushrooms from traditional diets and state of health may symptomatic of the more general causes of malnutrition seen in the Andes. Indeed there is much potential for promoting increased consumption of mushrooms with high protein and health factors in the diet of people in the Andes as a way of reducing malnutrition. It needs to be promoted through actions that enhance, better knowledge and use of wild mushrooms of which there is an abundance, cultivation of mushrooms in the homes or communities through simple methods and techniques, and through controlled farming including reforestation with mycorrhizal mushroom production fungi.
In addition, market opportunities can be used to the direct the benefit to the family and community associated with collecting, home cultivation and farming of mushrooms through reforestation. GMA began studies on promoting the marketing mushrooms in the Andes both for consumption and for new high value markets in lowland cities as well as for export. In 2011 we began with a preliminary survey to determine better peoples perception and use of mushrooms. Thus far we only have initial results from select groups in Lima, although more eleborate studies will be conducted in the highlands as well.
Using a sample of 62 subjects, 65% women and 35% men, we found amongst educated Limenians that 73% consume mushrooms in some form or other. However, most did not know much about them. Only 35% classified them as a group separate from plants and only 26% realized that many mushrooms had medicinal properties that had effect on health and prevention of illnesses.
That said, some 57% of informants knew about ‘button mushrooms’ Agaricus bisporus, or the ‘granulated slippery jack’, Suillus granulatus, from the market or supermarket and used mushrooms to improve the taste of food. No less than 52% consumed mushrooms at least every 15 days, 11% at least once a week and some 5% consume mushrooms at least every couple of months. Still, some 53% of informants had never heard about collection of mushrooms, and those that had heard had no idea where they were collected. Similarly, 52% had not heard about mushroom collection in Peru or that there existed tourism and local market opportunities with mushrooms. Consciousness of mushrooms has increased in cities through supermarkets and actions involving native groups in places like Cajamarca where the introduced mycorrhizal fungus S.granulatus is harvested under pine plantations.
Thus, there is much scope to increase the knowledge and appreciation of mushrooms, especially given the increased awareness of health factors in life by urban Peruvians and their insatiable enjoyment of food. It may be feasible to link efforts of promote mushrooms with the Peruvian Cuisine movement started by Gaston Acurio, chef ‘par excellence’ who has reintroduced many traditional foods back into the mainstream middle and upper class diets and is striving to reach wider audiences.
Varying local diets by introducing mushrooms was tested with one sample in Puno. In Huancho Lima, and Aymara speaking area where mushrooms are not consumed for food, a small experiment with a simple mushroom sauce made of fried onions and Agaricus campestris and Coprinus comatus was eagerly consumed by all local people present as garnish with traditional dishes. If indicative of a more general population around lake Titicaca then adding mushrooms to vary diets may have much potential. Thus there is potential to promote and extend mushrooms consumption. Possibilities need to be explored of home cultivation of nutritious and commercially viable species that could support wellbeing of communities, as well as training about identification and use of wild species. At the same time we need to be educated more about the extent of local knowledge. Together the culinary use and market for mushrooms can be better explored.
The applied use of high quality mushroom producing mycorrhizal fungi in reforestation programs also has high potential. Some projects already inoculate Pinus plantations with S.granulatus. In a preliminary survey in around Lake Titicaca we found interest in reforestation for production of mushrooms. Not only is there a lucrative market for dried and fresh mushrooms, it is but a small step to add such fungi to the local diets whilst reforesting the eroded almost treeless hills to revitalize the ecosystem functionality in these areas so they can better sustain local populations.
All in all we believe there is much potential for concrete actions that combine our research information about mushrooms with concrete on the ground actions to improve human and ecosystem wellbeing.
Full report in preparation
'Buen Provecho!'
Reflections on the Mountain Dialogue
Rio+20 and a Green Economy for mountains
Peter Trutmann
GMA is newcomer to the Mountain Dialogue. We have been absent to now in international Mountain meetings, although some members have been active in the dialogue representing other organizations. The reason: principally the need to concentrate on developing substance so that we would have credibility as an organization working on mountain issues. We believe we have come a substantial way towards this goal in the last two years as we hope this report will demonstrate. We now hope to become more active in global questions and discussions if the opportunity arises, without compromising our commitment to actions at the community level or of information gathering critical to community wellbeing and ecosystem functionality in mountains. And, what better place to begin than with a reflection on the work of others in the recent round of preparations! However, if nothing else, we hope it will add to the overall current discussion for Rio+20.
The big issue in the Global Mountains agenda has been the preparation for Rio+20 this year in Durban. ICIMOD in collaboration with the United Nations Environmental Program (UNEP) prepared an International Conference on Green Economy and Sustainable Mountain Development in Kathmandu, Nepal in September 2011 with a paper on the Green Economy for Sustainable Mountain Developmentas product (ICIMOD 2011). The Swiss Agency for Cooperation and Development (SDC) convened a World Mountain Conference in October 2011 in Lucerne, Switzerland with outcome a 'Call for Action' (http://arcosnetwork.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/Mountains_World_Call_for _Action.pdf). A central component of the vision for the future is the opportunity provided by a ‘Green economy’.
A green economy is one that results in improved human well-being and social equity, while significantly reducing environmental risks and ecological scarcities - United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP) (2010).
A green economy is an economy, or economic development model based on sustainable development and a knowledge of ecological economics. Most positive part about the Green economy concept is the valuation of resources and services that up to now have not been calculated into costs of economic activities, or have been undervalued. This includes many of the resources and services of mountains and mountain people, such as water and land management, maintenance and stewardship of genetic diversity of crops and the ecosystem. However, control of resources are associated with power and power usually does not reside in local communities, or mountains, despite valiant decentralization in many countries. The association and conflict of ‘International Human Rights’ and ability of communities to determine, or at least be important participants and voice in decisions, on the use of resources in their territories is an issue almost everywhere. In Peru, for example a Presidential decree in 2009 overwrote laws guaranteeing indigenous participation on deals with private companies on exploiting of indigenous territories claiming to represent the good of all the people and not just a small group. At best such words represent the views of the dictatorship of a majority, at worst an excuse for the ongoing extraction of resources from indigenous, disempowered people by the powerful residing in the coastal urban centers.
Given history and current economic ideology promoted by governments, any pragmatist must retain a healthy amount of skepticism about proposed mechanisms and entrenched political interests that opportunities from a “Green Economy’ will benefit mountain communities. In reality, the mechanisms proposed thus-far appear to exclude mountain communities from future benefits of a green economy. Mountain communities simply do not have access to the scale and prerequisites needed, or privy to embedded enabling government policies and funded government backing. The costs of monitoring and verification within the carbon environmental market excludes them once more from such neo-liberal environmental visions of development, since few companies would deem it worthwhile investing in small parcels of land if only simply due to the opportunity costs. In the current economic financial climate, is more likely that mountain communities will remain relatively excluded from such grandiose global gestures unless serious mechanisms and mindset of inclusion are on the table, agreed to and committed to at Rio+20. This is unlikely.
What needs to be done? Although not popular with the current ‘neo liberal pragmatists’, we believe that for the ‘Green Economy’ for mountains not to be another missed opportunity it must become embedded in a fundamental revaluation of the way we do business and of values in global society. It is worth reflecting on a report released in December 2011 that warned that global companies, positioning themselves for a post-petrochemical future, may in reality use the idea as a pretext for gaining control over biomass resources, which would eventually replace petroleum as the feedstock for energy and for industrial products. The report, published by an international nongovernmental organization Action Group on Erosion, Technology and Conservation (ETC Group), in Canada, urges developing countries to craft policies that will protect them from such encroachments. It notes, that: "In the absence of effective and socially responsive governance and government oversight, the bio-based economy will result in further environmental degradation, unprecedented loss of biodiversity and the loss of remaining commons". The report does not reject the concept of green economy, but emphasizes that the green economy is likely to be yet another silver bullet, and that countries should build sustainable economies based on using new, more socially and ecologically sustainable economic models. "We need a different narrative that places value on the livelihoods of small farmers in developing countries rather than on food production at lowest cost and protecting interests of farmers in industrialized countries through subsidies." "Private-sector and market-oriented food and agriculture systems are unlikely to deliver this kind of outcome since that is not the primary objective of these actors and institutions." Fundamental to the ‘changes’ needed are legal revisions that enforce maximization of profits by CEOs rather than take into account social consequences over benefits of shareholders ((Gomez E. 2012)) Bluntly, unless those promoting the concept of a Green Economy are clear exactly how mountain communities will profit from such an economy and realistic that mechanisms with teeth can be put in place to ensure inclusion of mountain people, the green economy will be but an other of a continuing series of bubbles in the name of development that do little to change the exclusion and exploitation of mountain people and their resources.
The ‘Green Economy’ could theoretically benefit agricultural production in mountains. After all mountains have some of the purest resources and the farmers often excluded from the industrial farming practices are keepers of genetic diversity and generally user of few or no external pesticide or chemical inputs. However, we already see the financial institutions and large agro-industrial interests buying up land and to promote industrial agriculture with a green name. Already, there is a frenzy of mining for patents on climate friendly germplasm in traditional germplasm sources as well as organisms beyond the genus level, enormous pressure to promote and enforce use of proprietary genetically modified germplasm as part of a package that includes a chain of company controlled products from seeing to harvest and a market chain from seed to consumer. Australia and Africa are being bought up. Little of this appears to be developing with serious agro-ecological principles, including changes of current agro industrial mindset in mind. Rather, one sees a continuation of the large scale industrial and extractive maximization of profits model with ecological as an afterthought. One sees a vision of a future strategy with genetically funneled, and modified plants and products, associated with their chain of agrochemical products that have little to offer that ecologically fragile mountain environments and financial resource poor populations. Most of the agro industrial visions one sees are designed for favored environments, much of it found in the lowlands. Mountain environments although often fertile and even at times irrigated, are climatically variable and difficult for common forms of mechanization as used by large-scale industry. Thus, unless opportunities are prioritized and developed for small groups through enabling policies and institutional support that develop technologies and machinery adapted to the slopes and needs, as well as niche products, and means of connecting mountain communities to fair trade, they will remain excluded from economic benefits of what is promised through a green economy.
This is ironic, since mountains provide products that are precisely what people are asking for: clean, healthy products produced using mainly organic inputs, based on traditional time tested knowledge. Realistically, the approach promoted in Europe for its mountain groups appears to be the one most likely to produce at least some positive results for mountain communities. The use of labels and trademarks that are monitored without great expense are essential to provide an opportunity for mountain communities. We can see this trend happening in Europe with or without the coming of the new kid in the global discussion for Rio+20 called “Green Economy.
In recent days the Zero Draft Outcome Document for Rio+20 has emerged from the desks of the United Nations (UNCSD 2012). It promotes the Green Economy and provides a tool kit and a section with suggestions for an institutional framework. That said, the contents of the document only re-enforce of the points made above. In particular, the document, although mentioning mountains specifically on p.15, lacks signs of teeth to ensure benefits for mountains and mountain people since all is requests and suggestions are to result in voluntary commitments.
Where could the GMA contribute? Of the topics developed by FAO and through other Preparatory Conferences such that by the SDC in the Luzern and ICIMOD in Nepal for Rio+20 and mountains the following have resonance:
1. Promote the conservation and sustainable use of increasingly scarce resources from mountain areas that are of global importance, such as water, biodiversity, forests, grasslands and soils.
2. Support research efforts to improve understanding of the drivers of change affecting mountain regions, and promote the collection of disaggregated data from mountain areas as the basis for informed decision- and policy-making.
3. Develop and implement communication and advocacy programs for sustainable mountain development at all levels.
4. Increase efforts to ensure that mountain issues are prioritized within development agendas, and that sustainable mountain development plays a prominent role in the Rio+20 process. Especially those that provide a supportive and enabling environment for the promotion of high-quality products and services from mountain areas as a means of improving livelihoods and protecting mountain environments, and facilitate mountain areas’ access to national and international markets.
We hope that the report of our activities reflect efforts in some of these directions.
Peter Trutmann
GMA is newcomer to the Mountain Dialogue. We have been absent to now in international Mountain meetings, although some members have been active in the dialogue representing other organizations. The reason: principally the need to concentrate on developing substance so that we would have credibility as an organization working on mountain issues. We believe we have come a substantial way towards this goal in the last two years as we hope this report will demonstrate. We now hope to become more active in global questions and discussions if the opportunity arises, without compromising our commitment to actions at the community level or of information gathering critical to community wellbeing and ecosystem functionality in mountains. And, what better place to begin than with a reflection on the work of others in the recent round of preparations! However, if nothing else, we hope it will add to the overall current discussion for Rio+20.
The big issue in the Global Mountains agenda has been the preparation for Rio+20 this year in Durban. ICIMOD in collaboration with the United Nations Environmental Program (UNEP) prepared an International Conference on Green Economy and Sustainable Mountain Development in Kathmandu, Nepal in September 2011 with a paper on the Green Economy for Sustainable Mountain Developmentas product (ICIMOD 2011). The Swiss Agency for Cooperation and Development (SDC) convened a World Mountain Conference in October 2011 in Lucerne, Switzerland with outcome a 'Call for Action' (http://arcosnetwork.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/Mountains_World_Call_for _Action.pdf). A central component of the vision for the future is the opportunity provided by a ‘Green economy’.
A green economy is one that results in improved human well-being and social equity, while significantly reducing environmental risks and ecological scarcities - United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP) (2010).
A green economy is an economy, or economic development model based on sustainable development and a knowledge of ecological economics. Most positive part about the Green economy concept is the valuation of resources and services that up to now have not been calculated into costs of economic activities, or have been undervalued. This includes many of the resources and services of mountains and mountain people, such as water and land management, maintenance and stewardship of genetic diversity of crops and the ecosystem. However, control of resources are associated with power and power usually does not reside in local communities, or mountains, despite valiant decentralization in many countries. The association and conflict of ‘International Human Rights’ and ability of communities to determine, or at least be important participants and voice in decisions, on the use of resources in their territories is an issue almost everywhere. In Peru, for example a Presidential decree in 2009 overwrote laws guaranteeing indigenous participation on deals with private companies on exploiting of indigenous territories claiming to represent the good of all the people and not just a small group. At best such words represent the views of the dictatorship of a majority, at worst an excuse for the ongoing extraction of resources from indigenous, disempowered people by the powerful residing in the coastal urban centers.
Given history and current economic ideology promoted by governments, any pragmatist must retain a healthy amount of skepticism about proposed mechanisms and entrenched political interests that opportunities from a “Green Economy’ will benefit mountain communities. In reality, the mechanisms proposed thus-far appear to exclude mountain communities from future benefits of a green economy. Mountain communities simply do not have access to the scale and prerequisites needed, or privy to embedded enabling government policies and funded government backing. The costs of monitoring and verification within the carbon environmental market excludes them once more from such neo-liberal environmental visions of development, since few companies would deem it worthwhile investing in small parcels of land if only simply due to the opportunity costs. In the current economic financial climate, is more likely that mountain communities will remain relatively excluded from such grandiose global gestures unless serious mechanisms and mindset of inclusion are on the table, agreed to and committed to at Rio+20. This is unlikely.
What needs to be done? Although not popular with the current ‘neo liberal pragmatists’, we believe that for the ‘Green Economy’ for mountains not to be another missed opportunity it must become embedded in a fundamental revaluation of the way we do business and of values in global society. It is worth reflecting on a report released in December 2011 that warned that global companies, positioning themselves for a post-petrochemical future, may in reality use the idea as a pretext for gaining control over biomass resources, which would eventually replace petroleum as the feedstock for energy and for industrial products. The report, published by an international nongovernmental organization Action Group on Erosion, Technology and Conservation (ETC Group), in Canada, urges developing countries to craft policies that will protect them from such encroachments. It notes, that: "In the absence of effective and socially responsive governance and government oversight, the bio-based economy will result in further environmental degradation, unprecedented loss of biodiversity and the loss of remaining commons". The report does not reject the concept of green economy, but emphasizes that the green economy is likely to be yet another silver bullet, and that countries should build sustainable economies based on using new, more socially and ecologically sustainable economic models. "We need a different narrative that places value on the livelihoods of small farmers in developing countries rather than on food production at lowest cost and protecting interests of farmers in industrialized countries through subsidies." "Private-sector and market-oriented food and agriculture systems are unlikely to deliver this kind of outcome since that is not the primary objective of these actors and institutions." Fundamental to the ‘changes’ needed are legal revisions that enforce maximization of profits by CEOs rather than take into account social consequences over benefits of shareholders ((Gomez E. 2012)) Bluntly, unless those promoting the concept of a Green Economy are clear exactly how mountain communities will profit from such an economy and realistic that mechanisms with teeth can be put in place to ensure inclusion of mountain people, the green economy will be but an other of a continuing series of bubbles in the name of development that do little to change the exclusion and exploitation of mountain people and their resources.
The ‘Green Economy’ could theoretically benefit agricultural production in mountains. After all mountains have some of the purest resources and the farmers often excluded from the industrial farming practices are keepers of genetic diversity and generally user of few or no external pesticide or chemical inputs. However, we already see the financial institutions and large agro-industrial interests buying up land and to promote industrial agriculture with a green name. Already, there is a frenzy of mining for patents on climate friendly germplasm in traditional germplasm sources as well as organisms beyond the genus level, enormous pressure to promote and enforce use of proprietary genetically modified germplasm as part of a package that includes a chain of company controlled products from seeing to harvest and a market chain from seed to consumer. Australia and Africa are being bought up. Little of this appears to be developing with serious agro-ecological principles, including changes of current agro industrial mindset in mind. Rather, one sees a continuation of the large scale industrial and extractive maximization of profits model with ecological as an afterthought. One sees a vision of a future strategy with genetically funneled, and modified plants and products, associated with their chain of agrochemical products that have little to offer that ecologically fragile mountain environments and financial resource poor populations. Most of the agro industrial visions one sees are designed for favored environments, much of it found in the lowlands. Mountain environments although often fertile and even at times irrigated, are climatically variable and difficult for common forms of mechanization as used by large-scale industry. Thus, unless opportunities are prioritized and developed for small groups through enabling policies and institutional support that develop technologies and machinery adapted to the slopes and needs, as well as niche products, and means of connecting mountain communities to fair trade, they will remain excluded from economic benefits of what is promised through a green economy.
This is ironic, since mountains provide products that are precisely what people are asking for: clean, healthy products produced using mainly organic inputs, based on traditional time tested knowledge. Realistically, the approach promoted in Europe for its mountain groups appears to be the one most likely to produce at least some positive results for mountain communities. The use of labels and trademarks that are monitored without great expense are essential to provide an opportunity for mountain communities. We can see this trend happening in Europe with or without the coming of the new kid in the global discussion for Rio+20 called “Green Economy.
In recent days the Zero Draft Outcome Document for Rio+20 has emerged from the desks of the United Nations (UNCSD 2012). It promotes the Green Economy and provides a tool kit and a section with suggestions for an institutional framework. That said, the contents of the document only re-enforce of the points made above. In particular, the document, although mentioning mountains specifically on p.15, lacks signs of teeth to ensure benefits for mountains and mountain people since all is requests and suggestions are to result in voluntary commitments.
Where could the GMA contribute? Of the topics developed by FAO and through other Preparatory Conferences such that by the SDC in the Luzern and ICIMOD in Nepal for Rio+20 and mountains the following have resonance:
1. Promote the conservation and sustainable use of increasingly scarce resources from mountain areas that are of global importance, such as water, biodiversity, forests, grasslands and soils.
2. Support research efforts to improve understanding of the drivers of change affecting mountain regions, and promote the collection of disaggregated data from mountain areas as the basis for informed decision- and policy-making.
3. Develop and implement communication and advocacy programs for sustainable mountain development at all levels.
4. Increase efforts to ensure that mountain issues are prioritized within development agendas, and that sustainable mountain development plays a prominent role in the Rio+20 process. Especially those that provide a supportive and enabling environment for the promotion of high-quality products and services from mountain areas as a means of improving livelihoods and protecting mountain environments, and facilitate mountain areas’ access to national and international markets.
We hope that the report of our activities reflect efforts in some of these directions.
Short reports of member activities
Andean Herbs: Amarilda Luque
Apart from spending a substantial amount of time supporting the Mushroom initiative of GMA, Amarilda began a study revaluation of Andean Traditional Herbs in Peru. The study has led to GMA funded travel to the USA to enable access to resources in Ithaca & to Cornell University. She also developed a small Social Enterprise promoting Herbs produced using biodynamic principles and writes a popular blog called Mimacetita on herbs (see http://mimacetita.blogspot.com/) and its facebook page called Mimacetita.
Gourmet Mountain Foods: Stephan Flückiger
Stefan committed substantial time as treasurer of GMA and hosted an number of GMA meetings. In 2011 he also launched an innovative enterprise called, ‘Käse und Wein: genuss aus den Regionen’ in Zurich promoting special Cheeses and Wines as delicacies from Swiss Mountain regions to the decerning public. More information can be found on the website http://www.kaeseundweinakademie.ch/.
Organic-farming and Ecosystem services in Glarnerland: Marco Baltensweiler
Marco hosted GMA meetings in the past and a number of GMA mountain hikes for members, including this years adventure. However, the principal ongoing commitment relvant to GMA philosophy is through Marco's official responsibilities for the Canton to convert the Glarnerland farm economy to one using exclusively organic principles combined with ecosystem services.
An Interdisciplinary Think-tank on Development: Bruno Stöckli
Bruno hosted a number of GMA meetings and hikes. He took up new commitments this year as coordinator of a fascinating and highly relevant platform of inter-religious organizations and other groups working in international development have brought insight highly relevant to the philosophy and actions of GMA. The group is seeking to reassess the basis of development actions, to find a new vision. Sought are not only answers to the question of what future we wish to have, but also about how such a future is able to be created and realized? The 'right to development' is more a normative frame of reference rather than an achievable right. Thus seen, the pertinent question remains how to obligate the global community, states and humanity to responsible trade for a just and durable future? These themes of seeking alternative vision fundamentally more reflective than the current more of the same visions is highly relevant also to GMAs philosophy.
Climate change and Water in African mountains: Gete Zeleke
Gete has recently published a couple of studies on Migration and effects of Climate change in Ethiopia, both highly relevant to GMA, and contributed to the Luzern meeting to prepare for Rio+20 Mountain Agenda held in September 2011 and various other important meetings. He continues to work on Land Use issues in mountain regions in Africa, particularly as Director of Water Management Research project of the Center for Development and Environment of the University of Bern.
The history and ecology of fungi and mushroom in the Central Andes and GMA development: Peter Trutmann
Peter spent this year dedicated to strengthening GMA as an institution with credibility as an actor in Mountains. Most of the information of GMA activities presented in this particular report by are the product of this effort. Much time was spent in the field , and later analyzing and writing up work. Other pursuits were to rekindle work on traditional agricultural systems, ecological approaches to crop management as well as the importance of whole food and medicine in one concept for herb and mushroom cultivation.
Apart from spending a substantial amount of time supporting the Mushroom initiative of GMA, Amarilda began a study revaluation of Andean Traditional Herbs in Peru. The study has led to GMA funded travel to the USA to enable access to resources in Ithaca & to Cornell University. She also developed a small Social Enterprise promoting Herbs produced using biodynamic principles and writes a popular blog called Mimacetita on herbs (see http://mimacetita.blogspot.com/) and its facebook page called Mimacetita.
Gourmet Mountain Foods: Stephan Flückiger
Stefan committed substantial time as treasurer of GMA and hosted an number of GMA meetings. In 2011 he also launched an innovative enterprise called, ‘Käse und Wein: genuss aus den Regionen’ in Zurich promoting special Cheeses and Wines as delicacies from Swiss Mountain regions to the decerning public. More information can be found on the website http://www.kaeseundweinakademie.ch/.
Organic-farming and Ecosystem services in Glarnerland: Marco Baltensweiler
Marco hosted GMA meetings in the past and a number of GMA mountain hikes for members, including this years adventure. However, the principal ongoing commitment relvant to GMA philosophy is through Marco's official responsibilities for the Canton to convert the Glarnerland farm economy to one using exclusively organic principles combined with ecosystem services.
An Interdisciplinary Think-tank on Development: Bruno Stöckli
Bruno hosted a number of GMA meetings and hikes. He took up new commitments this year as coordinator of a fascinating and highly relevant platform of inter-religious organizations and other groups working in international development have brought insight highly relevant to the philosophy and actions of GMA. The group is seeking to reassess the basis of development actions, to find a new vision. Sought are not only answers to the question of what future we wish to have, but also about how such a future is able to be created and realized? The 'right to development' is more a normative frame of reference rather than an achievable right. Thus seen, the pertinent question remains how to obligate the global community, states and humanity to responsible trade for a just and durable future? These themes of seeking alternative vision fundamentally more reflective than the current more of the same visions is highly relevant also to GMAs philosophy.
Climate change and Water in African mountains: Gete Zeleke
Gete has recently published a couple of studies on Migration and effects of Climate change in Ethiopia, both highly relevant to GMA, and contributed to the Luzern meeting to prepare for Rio+20 Mountain Agenda held in September 2011 and various other important meetings. He continues to work on Land Use issues in mountain regions in Africa, particularly as Director of Water Management Research project of the Center for Development and Environment of the University of Bern.
The history and ecology of fungi and mushroom in the Central Andes and GMA development: Peter Trutmann
Peter spent this year dedicated to strengthening GMA as an institution with credibility as an actor in Mountains. Most of the information of GMA activities presented in this particular report by are the product of this effort. Much time was spent in the field , and later analyzing and writing up work. Other pursuits were to rekindle work on traditional agricultural systems, ecological approaches to crop management as well as the importance of whole food and medicine in one concept for herb and mushroom cultivation.
Institutional development
In the last years we spent substantial time establishing GMA as an organization. The Statutes were written, approved and lodged in the Commune of Orselina in August 2009, Annual General Assemblies were held in 2009, 2010 and 2011, and institutional management instruments were established including President, Treasurer and Steering Committee. The Steering Committee in 2011 did the preparatory work for the General Assembly. Annual Programs were laid out and reported on each year. In 2011 GMA elected a treasurer who facilitated opening of the GMA bank account, strengthened the statutory wording of right and limitations of office members, introduced membership contributions and prepared a budget for 2012. In addition, enquiries were made to register GMA in Ethiopia and Peru. However, it was decided that until external funding was acquired for activities it would be simpler to work individually or through established partner organizations since considerable effort and costs are involved.
Future
In the General Assembly 2011 it was agreed to continue the mycological studies in Peru and link to more communities and institutions with interest. In particular, more information is needed on practical ways to work with fungal populations to improve the wellbeing of communities, on ethno mycology, and on fungal diversity and their role in functionality of the ecosystems and human wellbeing. As part of such actions, we hope to also become more involved in education and training in areas such as new culinary uses, production of gourmet and medicinal mushrooms in communities, and reforestation with mycorrhizal fungi producing edible mushrooms, and with market development.
The GMA Assembly also prioritized collecting material for a photo exhibition of life in mountain communities in 2012. The exhibition would bring together common issues of mountain communities in different continents where members are present. Depending on funds the exhibition might either be on the internet or also exhibited physically in key places for public viewing.
The real challenge in 2012 will be to use the results obtained thus-far to obtain external funds to continue work in the various themes. In addition, we need to publish the research. Already draft documents exist. However, it is to be decided where to publish the work. We do not believe in relinquishing copyright to a journal or publisher, and we believe in the need for open access to the work.
Globally, it will be a critical year for mountains and their people. The dialogue and quality of commitments made by governments at the Rio+20 conference will have consequences for the funding and policies for mountains and their people in years to come. On our part, we plan to continue with our measured contributions in research and actions as planned. Being a late in arriving to the dialogue, it is unlikely that we, as an organization, would receive an invitation to attend Rio+20. That said, we do intend to strengthen our voice on issues that promote mountains and their inhabitants.
Our best wishes to all!
The Global Mountain Team
References
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UNCSD. 2012. Zero Draft Outcome Document: The Future We Want. Preparatory Document for Rio+20. United Nations. Published 13 January 2012. http://www.uncsd2012.org/rio20/content/documents/370The%20Future%20We%20Want%2010Jan%20clean.pdf
Gomez E. 2012. The Rise Of The Charitable For-Profit Entity. Forbes Magazine, 13 January 2012, 2.
Hobbs C. 1986. Medicinal Mushrooms: An exploration of traditon, healing and culture. Santa Cruz, Ca: Botanica Press.
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Holgado Rojas M.E. Olivera Gonzales M. Delgado Salazar J. 2007. Macomycetos de la microcuenca de Q'euña-Zurite-Anta. Q'euña (Revista de la Sociedad Botanica del Cusco) 1:15-18.
ICIMOD. 2011. Green Economy for Sustainable Mountain Development: A concept paper for Rio+20 and beyond. Kathmandu: International Center for Integrated Mountain Development
Kassie G. T. Asfaw W. Zeleke G. and Scott D. 2009. The Nexus of Migration, HIV/AIDS and Food Security in Ethiopia. . In Working Paper IV Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.: Global Mountain Programme.
Mata M. Pavlich M. Mori T. Espinoza A. 2006. Hongos de Allpahuayo-Mishana, Rapid color guide Number 209 Chicago: Environmental & Conservation Programs, The Field Museum, Chicago.
Pavlich M.R. 1976. Ascomycetes y Basidiomycetes del Peru. I : con emfasis en especies de la ceja de montaña y selva tropical. Memorias del Museo de historia natural "Javier Prado" 17:88.
Stamets P. 2005. Mycelium running: how mushrooms can help save the world. New York: Ten Speed Press, Random House.
Trutmann P. 2011. The Forgotten Mushrooms of Ancient Peru. In Mushrooms and Mountains edited by P.Trutmann. Orselina: Global Mountain Action
Trutmann P. and Luque A. 2009. Needs and Opportunities of three communities in Huancavelica. In DIagnostic Studies, edited by Trutmann P. Lima: Global Mountain Action.
Trutmann P. and Pavlich M.R. 2012. The diversity of Macro-Fungi from the Southern Peruvian Altiplano: its implications for human and environmental wellbeing and Economic Policy. . In Mushrooms and Mountains, edited by T. P. Orselina: Global Mountain Action
Webster A. 1990. Introduction to the Sociology of Development 2nd ed. Atlantic Highlands, NJ: Humanities Press International, Inc. .
Zeleke G. Trutmann P. and Denekew A. , ed. 2007 Fostering New Develpoment Pathways: Harnessing Rural-Urban (RUL) to Reduce Poverty and Improve Environment in the Highlands of Ethiopia. , Proceeedings of a Rural Urban Planning Workshop by the Global Mountain Program. Addis Ababa, August 29-30, 2006. . Adis Ababa: The Global Mountain Program/Centro Internacional De la Papa (CIP). .
Zeleke G. Alemu D. Bewuket W. Assefa Y. and Trutmann P. 2008. Poverty Gradient along the Rural‐Urban Transect in Ethiopia: the case of Addis Ababa‐Bahir Dar Gradient. In Working Paper II. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Global Mountain Programme.
Zeleke G. and Trutmann P. 2006. The Rural Urban Linkage Conceptual Framework. In Working Paper I. . Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.: Global Mountain Program, .
Zeleke G. Asfaw W. Tolosa D. Alemu B. and Trutmann P. 2008. Seasonal Migration and Rural Livelihoods in Ethiopia: An Empirical Study. . In Working Paper III. . Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Global Mountain Programme
.